T.O. 33B-1-15-65.1.4 UltrasonicVibrationModes.Sound energy is propagated in a material by the vibration of particles in the material. Ultrasonic energy is transmittedfrom one particle to another. The direction in which the particles vibrate in relation to the direction of the ultrasonicbeam propagation is dependent on the mode of vibration.5.1.4.1 LongitudinalWaves.Waves in which the particle motion of the material is essentially in the same direction as the wave propagation arecalled longitudinal waves. Longitudinal waves are also known as compressional waves or "L" waves (see Figure 5-7).Longitudinal wave inspections are also called straight beam inspections.Figure 5-7. Longitudinal and Shear Wave Modes5.1.4.2 ShearWaves.Shear waves denote wave motion in which the particle motion is perpendicular to the direction of propagation (seeFigure 5-7). Shear waves travel at approximately one half the speed of longitudinal waves. Shear waves are introducedinto a test part by tilting the search unit to change the incident angle and a portion of the longitudinal wave generatedby the search unit is mode-converted into shear wave at the entry surface. When using the contact method, angle beamsearch units are used. This type of search unit consists of a transducer element mounted on a plastic wedge, so thatultrasonic waves enter the test part at an angle. Shear waves are also known as "S" waves. Air and water will notsupport shear waves. Shear wave inspections are also called angle beam inspections.
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