T.O. 33B-1-1Glossary 7BARIUM TITANATE TRANSDUCER (UT): (Polycrystalline Barium Titanate BaTiO3). A ceramic materialcomposed of many individual crystals fired together, and polarized by the application of a D.C. field for use as atransducer.BARK: The decarburized layer just beneath the scale that results from heating steel in an oxidizing atmosphere.BARN (RT): A very small unit of area used in measuring the cross sections of atoms, nuclei, electrons, and otherparticles. One barn is equal to 10-24 square centimeter. The term is a measure of the probability that a given nuclearreaction will occur.BARRIER (PROTECTIVE) (RT): Barrier of attenuating materials used to reduce radiation exposure.BASE DENSITY (RT): The slight density that is due only to the film base and the blue dye in it. It is measured withthe emulsion layer removed, or on a film which has been fixed without prior development.BASE PLUS FOG (RT): The density of a film’s base material plus the darkening of its emulsion caused by fog. Thebase plus fog level brings no useful information to the film and merely creates a high background that reduces contrastand image visibility.BASELINE (UT): The horizontal trace across the A-scan CRT display for a no signal condition.BATH (colloquial) (PI, MT):(1)The liquid penetrant inspection materials (penetrant, emulsifier, developer) into which parts are immersedduring the inspection process.(2)Penetrant materials retained in bulk in immersion tanks intended for re-use.(3)Term used to designate a suspension of ferromagnetic particles with oil or water.BEAM: A directed flow of energy into space or matter.BEAM ANGLE (RT): The smallest angle between the central axis of the radiation beam and the plane of theradiographic film.BEAM DIVERGENCE (RT): The solid angle of the beam of radiation as it emerges from the X-ray tube or gamma-rayexposure device.BEAM QUALITY (RT): An expression used to describe the penetrating power (energy spectrum) of a beam ofradiation. The quality of an X-ray beam is usually expressed in terms of the half-value layer of some referencematerial, such as aluminum or copper.BEAM SPREAD (UT): Divergence of a sound beam as it travels through material.BERNOULLI EFFECT (PT): A law of hydrodynamics: a liquid will flow through a conduit at a constant velocitygoverned by the pressure. When a section of the conduit is decreased in size, the velocity of the liquid flow in thereduced section is increased. If a small opening is placed in the reduced section, a vacuum or suction will be created atthe opening.BETA PARTICLE (RT): An electron or positron emitted from a nucleus during decay. The term “beta particle” isreserved for electrons and positrons.BETA “RAY” (RT): A stream of high speed electrons that is of nuclear origin. This radiation is more penetrating thanalpha radiation, but it ionizes less strongly.
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