T.O. 33B-1-16-1296.9.11.2.2Survey meters should be allowed to stabilize after first turning on for several minutes prior to first use. Further, surveymeters do not instantly indicate the maximum exposure rate because of the response time of electrical components.Typically survey meters have a response time ranging from 2 to 15 seconds with longer response times being requiredfor lower dose rates. (For the Victoreen Models 450B, and 450P the response time required to reach 90% of final valueranges from 2 to 8 seconds and from 1.8 to 5 seconds respectively.) Thus when using the survey meter the operatormust hold the meter in a set position for a period of time longer than the specified response time in order to accuratelymeasure the actual dose rate present. Survey meter response times are published in the instrument instruction manual.6.9.11.2.3If a battery indicator is located on the survey meter it shall be checked each time the instrument is turned on. Somesurvey meters do not have a battery indicator. However, if the instrument can be zeroed with a zero control, sufficientbattery power is available. Note that the zero will constantly shift on some survey meters, so personnel using thesemeters should continually recheck the zero control and adjust the meter as necessary.6.9.12 PersonnelMonitoringDevices.6.9.12.1 General.Personnel who may be exposed to ionizing radiation during the normal course of their duties or occupation SHALLwear personnel monitoring devices, if directed by the base RSO. Personnel monitoring devices are designed to measurethe total accumulated dose to which an individual is exposed. The devices of most general importance are thethermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD), the electronic personal dosimeters (EPD), the personal alarming dosimeter (PAD)or Digital Alarming Dosimeter (DAD) (commonly called a "Chirper"), and the direct reading pocket dosimeter. TLDsare the primary dosimetry device and have generally replaced film badges as the legal record of radiation exposure inthe Army and Air Force.6.9.12.2 Thermoluminescent Dosimeter (TLD).6.9.12.2.1TheoryofOperation.TLDs are well suited for personnel and environmental monitoring of X-ray and gamma radiation. TLDs are specialmaterials which, when exposed to ionizing radiation, results in raising the electrons of the detector material totemporary higher energy states. When these materials are later heated, the electrons fall back to their normal energystates and in the process emit light. The amount of light emitted is directly related to the amount of radiation dose theTLD received. By measuring this light, the dose received by the individual wearing the dosimeter can be assessed.Although a number of materials can be used as TLDs, lithium fluoride, lithium borate and calcium sulfate are the mostcommon material used for personnel dosimetry.6.9.12.2.2Control TLD (Or Film Badge).To accurately measure personnel dose, each radiography area will have at least one device designated as a "ControlTLD/Badge ". It is used to measure radiation exposure received by personnel monitoring devices (primarily fromnaturally occurring background radiation) while badges are in storage and transit.a. The control device will be stored in the same area as the personnel TLD badges away from sources ofradiation in a temperature and humidity controlled area.b. It SHALL NEVER be worn by any individual.
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