T.O. 33B-1-16-1016.8.15.7 Coldshuts.Cold shuts appear as a distinct darkened line of variable length and definite smooth, (Heavier than Casting) outline.Cold shuts are formed when two bodies of molten metal flowing from different directions fail to unite and formhomogeneous metal. Cold shuts may be produced by interrupted pouring, slow pouring or pouring the metal at too lowtemperature.6.8.15.8 Misruns.Misruns appear as prominent darkened areas of variable dimensions with a definite smooth outline. Misruns areproduced by failure of the molten metal to completely fill a section of a casting, leaving the region void. This conditionmay be produced by lack of fluidity or pouring at too low temperature.6.8.15.9 Dendritics.Dendritics appear as a series of irregular sharp lines usually in a parallel pattern.6.8.15.10 UnfusedChaplets.Unfused chaplets may appear as a dark smooth line conforming to the shape of the chaplet and casting. In light alloycastings unfused chaplets may also appear as light lines. This condition is caused by cold or coated chaplets or bypouring the metal at too low temperature to fuse properly with the chaplet.6.8.15.11 Coreshift.Core shift may be detected when it is possible to angle the radiation or rotate the piece in a manner that would make itpossible to measure the deviation of a specified wall thickness. Core shifts may be caused by jarring the mold, insecureanchorage or omission of chaplets.6.8.15.12 SurfaceIrregularities.Surface irregularities may cause an image corresponding to any irregularity visible on the surface. These irregularitiesfrequently show on a radiograph and may resemble or are confused with a flaw in the metal. It is, therefore, goodpractice to have the casting conveniently at hand when making an accurate interpretation of a radiograph.6.8.16 Welds.Metal may be joined together by welding to form many shapes and structures required in an aircraft. This fabricationprocedure, when carefully controlled, will provide a joint that is equal in strength to the parent materials. There mustbe just enough heat to produce fusion and adequate penetration, but not too much, which would cause porosity, cracksor undercutting. Most weld discontinuities can be readily detected by radiographic inspection since they consist of achange in material homogeneity. Cracks in welds are often detectable since they will usually occur in the direction ofthe thickness of the plate and will be parallel to the X-ray beam. Stresses created in the metal by welding and notaccompanied by a physical separation of material will not be detected by radiography and cracks not properly orientedmay also be missed. Oxides created by the molten metal may be trapped in the weld. This condition results in reducedstrength and is subject to review to determine possible implication as a result of the service the weld is expected toyield.In tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding, tungsten electrode inclusions can occur. These appear as nearly clear specks in aradiograph due to the very high absorption of the radiation by tungsten. These inclusions usually appear in clusters of2 or more. A single tungsten inclusion is unusual. Foreign material whose density is approximately the same as theweld metal may not be detected. In the inspection of weldments, radiography is an indispensable tool for the locationof internal discontinuities. It is the oldest and best known nondestructive means for this purpose. It is used to establishwelding procedures, to qualify welders, to inspect welded fabrications in process, and for quality control of weldedparts. For routine inspection, test welds made periodically on production welding may be inspected by X-ray tosupplement destructive tests where results are in doubt. When quality has been established, an occasional X-rayexposure can be made on routine work. All X-ray shadow images are geometric projections of the actual size ofconditions in or on the weld. There may be some slight distortion depending on angle of X-ray beam and distance ofthe weld from the film. Density, in general, is some indication of the depth magnitude of the weld discontinuity.
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