T.O. 33B-1-13-893.7.1.2 IngotProduction.After melting, purifying and alloying the iron or steel, the molten metal is poured into an ingot mold where it isallowed to solidify. Most impuritiesrise to the top of the ingot before the metal is completely solid. However, some ofthe foreign materials can become trapped within the ingot during solidification. Because such entrapment is usuallyconcentrated near the top, the ingot is cropped to remove most of the impurities.3.7.1.3 PrimaryandSecondaryProcessing.Ingots undergo primary processing to form the metal into basic shapes according to end-product requirements.Secondary processing is subsequently used to manufacture the final products. Figure 3-41 is a pictorial story of steelprocessing which shows in sequence the principal stages or operations where defects may be created, and indicates thedefects most likely to be found in the material as it leaves each stage. This illustration should be studied in conjunctionwith the text in this section.
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